Mary Whiton Calkins

Mary Whiton Calkins was an American philosopher and psychologist whose research helped shape the study of memory and the conscious self. She developed the paired-associates method for investigating learning and memory, established an early psychology laboratory at Wellesley College, and published extensively in psychology and philosophy. Although Harvard’s faculty endorsed her doctoral work, the university denied her the degree because she was a woman; she later became the first woman president of the American Psychological Association.